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MoreWhat is the fundamental working principle of RFID tags?
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags operate by wirelessly exchanging data with a reader via radio waves. Unlike barcodes, they require no line-of-sight scanning and can simultaneously read multiple tags through materials like plastic, fabric, or liquids. The core process involves three stages: energy harvesting, data transmission, and signal processing.
1. Energy Harvesting: Powering the Tag
Passive RFID tags (the most common type) lack a battery. Instead, they draw energy from the reader’s electromagnetic field. When the tag enters this field, its antenna converts radio waves into electrical current, powering the microchip. Active tags use internal batteries to broadcast signals independently, while semi-passive tags use batteries only for the chip, relying on the reader for communication.
2. Data Transmission: Communication Protocols
Once powered, the tag’s microchip modulates the radio waves to transmit stored data (e.g., a unique ID or product details). Two coupling methods enable this:
- Inductive Coupling: Used in low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) systems. The reader’s antenna induces a current in the tag’s coil, enabling near-field communication (e.g., payment cards).
- Backscatter Coupling: For ultra-high-frequency (UHF) systems. The tag reflects the reader’s signal while modulating it with data, allowing long-range detection (up to 10 meters).
3. Signal Processing: From Waves to Usable Data
The reader’s antenna captures the modulated signal, decodes it, and forwards the data to a backend system (e.g., inventory software). Key steps include:
- Demodulation: Extracting the digital data from radio waves.
- Error Correction: Ensuring accuracy despite interference.
- Integration: Syncing with databases for real-time actions like stock updates.
4. Types of RFID Tags and Their Applications
| Tag Type | Power Source | Range | Use Cases |
|---|---|---|---|
| Passive | Reader’s radio waves | < 10m | Retail inventory, access control |
| Active | Internal battery | > 100m | Vehicle tracking, logistics |
| Semi-Passive | Battery (chip only) | 10–50m | Temperature-sensitive goods |
Example: Cykeo’s passive UHF tags enable retailers to scan hundreds of items per second during inventory checks, reducing manual labor by 90%.
5. Advantages Over Traditional Systems
- Non-Line-of-Sight Scanning: Reads tags through obstructions.
- Batch Processing: Scans 200+ tags/second (vs. barcodes’ one-by-one).
- Durability: Resists moisture, dust, and chemical exposure.
- Data Rewritability: Allows dynamic updates (e.g., shipment status).
6. Real-World Implementation
In logistics, Cykeo’s RFID solutions automate warehouse operations:
- Tags attached to goods store origin, destination, and handling instructions.
- Fixed readers at dock doors scan pallets during loading, updating inventory in real time.
- Data integrates with ERP systems to trigger reorders or alerts for missing items.
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